A new study by the Workers Compensation Research Institute (WCRI) found “noticeable decreases” in the amount of opioids prescribed per workers’ compensation claim in a majority of 25 states studied.
The WCRI study, Interstate Variations in Use of Opioids, 3rd Edition, examines interstate variations and trends in the use of opioids and prescribing patterns of pain medications across 25 states. The study compares the amount of opioids prescribed per claim over two roughly 24-month periods of time ending March 2012 and March 2014.
This study uses data comprising over 337,000 nonsurgical workers’ compensation claims and nearly 1.9 million prescriptions associated with those claims from 25 states. The claims represent injuries arising from October 1, 2009, to September 30, 2012, with prescriptions filled through March 31, 2014. The underlying data reflect an average 24 months of experience for each claim. The data included in this study represent 40 – 75 percent of workers’ compensation claims in each state.
The study saw substantial interstate variation in both frequency and amount of opioid use. Combining these two measures, it observed that among the 25 study states, Louisiana, New York, Pennsylvania and California were higher (in that order) and Illinois, Missouri, and New Jersey were lower than the median state. Many factors may be associated with the interstate variations observed, including workers’ compensation policies for pharmaceuticals (e.g., pharmacy fee schedule, physician dispensing, provider choice, and treatment guidelines for pain management), policies outside workers’ compensation (e.g., state prescription drug monitoring programs and state pain policies), and industry practices.
The 25 states in the study are Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
There was substantial interstate variation in the mix of opioid drugs that were prescribed in the 25 study states. Physicians in some states were more likely to prescribe stronger opioids, such as oxycodone, over other opioids, like hydrocodone and tramadol, compared with their counterparts in other states. Pain medication prescriptions that were written for oxycodone (Percocet® and OxyContin®) varied from 1 to 2 percent in California, Illinois, and Texas to 29 percent in Massachusetts. Over 1 in 10 pain medication prescriptions were for oxycodone in several other states, including Connecticut, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
The authors say the decrease coincides with various state reforms directed at curbing opioid abuse including strengthening of prescription drug monitoring programs and adoption of treatment guidelines and drug formularies.