Author: WorkCompAcademy

3D printing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D printable models may be created with a 3D scanner. To perform a print, the machine reads the design from 3D printable file and lays down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper or sheet material to build the model from a series of cross sections. These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the model, are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape. The primary advantage of this technique is its ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature.The 3D printing technology is used for both prototyping and distributed manufacturing with applications in architecture, construction, industrial design, automotive, aerospace, military, engineering, dental and medical industries, biotech (human tissue replacement), fashion, footwear, jewelry, eyewear, education, geographic information systems, food, and many other fields. Several projects and companies are develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use.

NBC News reports that doctors in the Netherlands have for the first time successfully replaced most of a human’s skull with a 3-D printed plastic one – and likely saved a woman’s life in the process.The 23-hour surgery took place three months ago at University Medical Center Utrecht. The hospital announced details of the groundbreaking operation this week and said the patient, a 22-year-old woman, is doing just fine.

The woman, whose name wasn’t released, suffered from severe headaches due to a thickening of her skull. She slowly lost her vision, her motor coordination was suffering and it was only a matter of time before other essential brain functions would have atrophied, Dr. Verweij said in a press release issued by UMC Utrecht. Verweij noted that in some brain operations it’s common for part of the skull to be temporarily removed to reduce pressure on the brain, then put back later or replaced by an artificial implant. In this case, doctors inserted nearly an entire plastic skull that was manufactured with the help of Anatomics, an Australian medical device company that specializes in 3-D printing,

“We used to create an implant by hand in the operating theater using a kind of cement, but those implants did not have a very good fit,” Dr. Verweij said. “Now we can use 3-D printing to ensure that these components are an exact fit. This has major advantages, not only cosmetically but also because patients often have better brain function compared with the old method.”

Three months after surgery, the woman’s pain is gone and she can see again. “The patient has fully regained her vision, she has no more complaints, she’s gone back to work and there are almost no traces that she had any surgery at all,” said Dr. Verweij.

In another success story, Business Insider reports that a British surgeon successfully implanted a 3-D printed pelvis for a man who lost half his pelvis to bone cancer. It was the first transplant of its kind. The patient, who is in his sixties and has remained unnamed, suffered from a rare type of bone cancer called chondrosarcoma. It affected the entire right side of his pelvis. According to orthopedic surgeon Craig Gerrand, who performed the surgery, it would have been impossible to attach a standard implant because so much bone had to be removed. In order to create the 3-D printed pelvis, the surgeons took scans of the man’s pelvis to take exact measurements of how much 3-D printed bone needed to be produced and passed it along to Stanmore Implants. The company used the scans to create a titanium 3-D replacement, by fusing layers of titanium together and then coating it with a mineral that would allow the remaining bone cells to attach. After the titanium pelvis was attached, the team added a standard hip replacement to complete the surgery. The procedure, which happened three years ago, was an unrivaled success. The man has been walking with a cane and remains happy with the results.

3D printing is revolutionizing the health care sector: The technology has been successfully used to make prosthetic limbs, custom hearing aids, now a pelvis and a human skull, and potentially human tissue by what is called “bioprinting.”

On any given day, one in 25 hospitalized patients – 4 percent – is battling an infection picked up in a hospital or other healthcare facility, according to a new survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). That translates to more than 600,000 hospital patients each year. Roughly 74,000 of them have to fight more than one hospital-acquired infection, researchers found. About half of those infections were either linked to a device attached to the patient, like a catheter or ventilator, or occurred after a surgical procedure at the site of the surgery. An infection acquired in this manner in an industrial case would also be covered as a compensable consequence of the initial injury.

Previous estimates had pegged the annual number of infections at 2.1 million in the 1970s and 1.7 million from 1990 through 2002. “The trend, in magnitude, seems to be going in the right direction,” Dr. Mike Bell, deputy director of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the CDC, told Reuters Health. Despite continuing concern about hospital-acquired infections, especially ones that are resistant to antibiotics, the U.S. does not have a national system for collecting information on the problem.

The new study, led by Dr. Shelley S. Magill of the CDC and published in the New England Journal of Medicine, was based on an analysis of 11,282 patients treated at 183 hospitals in 10 states. The survey in each hospital was done over the course of a day, involving as many as 100 patients per facility. Pneumonia accounted for about 22 percent of the hospital-acquired infections. Another 22 percent were infections at the surgical site, and 17 percent were stomach or intestinal illnesses. Urinary tract and bloodstream infections ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. The most common bacterium responsible was Clostridium difficile, which kills an estimated 14,000 people in the U.S. each year. It was detected in 12 percent of the hospital-acquired illnesses and was responsible for 71 percent of gastrointestinal infections in particular. Nursing homes, emergency departments, rehabilitation hospitals and outpatient treatment centers were not included in the tally.

The researchers estimated that in 2011, 648,000 hospitalized patients had to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections was estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the U.S. each year. The new report “validates the work we’ve been doing, focusing on some of the severe infections related to intensive care, related to devices such as catheters in the bloodstream or the bladder, mechanical ventilation or surgical procedures,” Bell said.

To prevent infections, the National Patient Safety Foundation recommends patients wash their hands regularly and remind their doctors and nurses to do the same. Patients should also make sure both bandages and the skin around any catheters are kept clean and dry, it says.

A former Rancho Cucamonga attorney who once handled some of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s toughest legal cases was convicted of stealing nearly $2 million from the transit agency by submitting phony invoices and pocketing settlement money. James Vincent Reiss, who also was convicted of stealing more than $1 million from other clients, pleaded no contest to two felony counts of grand theft. For 15 years, Reiss defended Metro in multimillion-dollar injury lawsuits involving rail and bus passengers until officials realized he was defrauding the agency, said Jane Robison, an L.A. County district attorney’s spokeswoman. Reiss, 52, made the plea as part of a deal in which prosecutors agreed to drop nine other felony counts of theft, forgery and fraud. He is set to be sentenced March 26, and the court is expected to require that he pay more $3 million in restitution and serve a decade in prison.

Reiss created fraudulent documents that led Metro to write checks that he ultimately kept for himself instead of paying plaintiffs who sued the agency. Karen Gorman, acting inspector general for Metro, said a State Bar of California investigation into problems with Reiss’ other clients in 2012 tipped off the agency to the potential for trouble, and officials immediately began auditing his cases. “We aggressively began to investigate – and working with the district attorney’s office we were able to bring Mr. Reiss to justice for his crimes.”

According to a Metro lawsuit filed against Reiss’ law firm in January for malpractice, forgery and negligence, Reiss cost the agency as much as $2.5 million. In 2011, Reiss allegedly told the MTA that it had negotiated a $2.5-million jury award down to $1.765 million. But when the Metro board authorized the settlement and ordered that two checks totaling $1.765 million be written, Reiss kept the money, according to the suit. Reiss then filed an appeal, delaying the case. Metro eventually resolved the case by paying $2.5 million. The suit alleges Reiss also submitted “numerous falsified invoices totaling at least $754,000,” for costs and kept the money.

Prosecutors said that in addition to the MTA, Reiss also took advantage of other clients. In one case, he settled a suit without the client’s knowledge, forged signatures on paperwork and pocketed the money, prosecutors said. In another case involving a trust, he opened a bank account, deposited a client’s money and wrote checks to himself, prosecutors said.

Reiss, was disbarred on March 16, 2013 after a state Bar Court judge called his case an illustration of the “disciplinary consequences of dishonesty,” The State Bar case went on to conclude “the most serious aggravation is found in Reiss’s 10-year pattern of deception in order to cover up mismanagement of his clients’ cases or for his personal economic gain. …Without a hint of remorse, Reiss has refused to acknowledge his misconduct despite overwhelming evidence of his dishonesty and the harm he caused to his clients. While the law does not require Reiss to be falsely penitent, it does require that [he] accept responsibility for his acts and come to grips with his culpability.”

More than 12 million Americans reported using prescription painkillers in 2010 without a prescription or just for the high that they cause. Nearly 3 out of 4 drug overdose deaths are now caused by prescription painkillers. In 2008, some 14,800 deaths were attributed to the pills – more than cocaine and heroin combined. More than 475,000 emergency room visits were directly linked to prescription painkiller misuse or abuse in 2009, roughly double the number of five years earlier.

The global production of oxycodone, marketed as OxyContin in the United States, increased from two tons in 1990 to 135 tons in 2009. More than two-thirds of that supply was manufactured in the US, which, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, increases the risk of its subsequent overprescription and diversion into illicit channels. Experts trace the rise of painkiller misuse in the US to 1996. That’s when the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, a narcotic and derivative of opium. Andrew Kolodny, chief medical officer of Phoenix House, a national nonprofit treatment agency, describes OxyContin as essentially a “heroin pill.” It was made of oxycodone, a narcotic used to treat pain at the end of life. But the new pill would allow the company to reach a much wider audience.

“[Purdue] wanted a product that would be prescribed for common, moderately painful chronic conditions,” says Dr. Kolodny, who is also president of Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, an advocacy group. At first, the medical community balked. Using opioids for chronic problems seemed too risky given the nature of the pills’ highly addictive properties. But Purdue Pharma launched an aggressive marketing campaign arguing that it was a compassionate way to treat patients and, because of its extended-release characteristics, would be less prone to abuse. But before long, numerous cases of addiction to the painkillers began to surface. In 2007, Purdue Pharma pleaded guilty in federal court to misleading doctors and the public about OxyContin’s risks and paid a $600 million penalty. Kolodny says that the overprescribing of painkillers has now led to an “epidemic” of addictions, both among pain patients and recreational users.

And once a person becomes addicted to painkillers, it isn’t a long journey to heroin – itself a derivative of morphine developed in the late 1800s as a painkiller. Joseph Gfroerer of SAMHSA co-wrote a recent study that found that, of those who had tried heroin, about 80 percent had previously used painkillers without a prescription. From Los Angeles to Long Island, Chicago to New Orleans, parents and police are struggling with a rise in heroin use in suburban neighborhoods. The rise is being driven by a large supply of cheap heroin in purer concentrations that can be inhaled or smoked, which often removes the stigma associated with injecting it with a needle. But much of the increase among suburban teens, as well as a growing number of adults, has also coincided with a sharp rise in the use of prescription painkiller pills, which medical experts say are essentially identical to heroin. These painkillers, or opioids, are prescribed for things such as sports injuries, dental procedures, or chronic back pain. Yet in a disturbing number of cases, experts say, they are leading to overdependence and often to addiction to the pills themselves, which can then lead to heroin use. Once hooked, users look for doctors who will sell them prescription drugs and, failing that, turn desperately to the street, where the price can be as high as $80 for a single pill. When that becomes too expensive, users often resort to the drug that produces the same kind of high that painkillers do but is far cheaper: heroin.

The latest rise in heroin abuse was made more visible by the recent overdose death of actor Philip Seymour Hoffman. But use of the drug has been growing steadily across many levels of society for at least the past five years. And unlike the heroin surge in the 1970s, the current use of opiates is far more concentrated among suburban and rural whites than among African-American and Latino communities. The heroin that addicts used to shoot up with was 2 or 3 percent pure. Today, the street purity of the drug can be as high as 80 percent. That potency helps explain both the drug’s wider appeal and its new danger. Heroin once had to be injected for users to get the high they were looking to achieve, but it is now concentrated enough that they can smoke or snort it to get a similar effect – methods that make heroin easier for people to use it without feeling like a junkie. The higher purity is also more likely to trigger an overdose for those who do inject it.

California has long been known as one of the epicenters of insurance fraud, medical fraud, and other organized crimes. And now, according to a new 118 page report by California Attorney General Kamala Harris, California leads all states in the number of computer systems hacked or infected by malware, the number of victims of Internet crimes, the amount of financial losses suffered as a result and the number of victims of identity fraud. The report says the state also is particularly vulnerable to thefts of intellectual property because of its leading role in developing new technologies and mass-media entertainment. The report should serve as a wake up call to any California businesses that maintain data on individuals such as insurance companies that digitize claim files, and third party administrators.

Between 2009 and 2012, the number of intentional breaches of computer networks and databases in the U.S. jumped by 280 percent, with California’s share leading the nation. Many of these breaches have been tied to transnational criminal organizations operating from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Israel, Egypt, China, and Nigeria, among other places.

The report claims that transnational criminal organizations are increasingly taking advantage of new communications technology and the interconnectedness of the globalized world to further their trafficking activities in California. This creates new challenges for law enforcement. But transnational organized crime in California extends beyond drugs, weapons, and human trafficking. In the 21st century, the problem posed by transnational criminal organizations threatens the security of computer and data networks, the integrity of online bank accounts, and the rights of intellectual property holders. By virtue of its population and knowledge-powered economy, “California is the top target in the nation for this new generation of transnational criminal organizations – originating in significant numbers from Eastern Europe, but also Africa and China – whose purpose is to commit highly profitable hacking, fraud, and digital piracy crimes.”

California’s gross domestic product of $2 trillion, significant foreign trade activity and border with Mexico also makes the state an easy target for international money-laundering schemes, the report says. It estimates that more than $30 billion is laundered through California’s economy each year. Some is filtered through legitimate businesses or by using virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. But the report says backpacks and duffel bags stuffed with cash have been seized more frequently since Mexico began toughening its money-laundering laws in 2010. Seizures of bulk cash increased 40 percent by 2011 in California, which now leads the nation in the number of currency seizures.

Transnational criminal organizations are taking advantage of new communications technologies and social media to facilitate criminal activity, recruit new members, and intimidate or harass their rivals – even from inside prison walls. In 2011, for example, over 15,000 cell phones were seized from inmates in California prisons. The public safety threat posed by Mexico-based drug trafficking organizations has been amplified as cartels have formed alliances with California prison and streetgangs to control trafficking routes, distribute drugs, and kidnap, extort, and kill as necessary to protect their criminal activities. The Mexican Mafia, for example, provides protection for members of numerous cartels both inside and outside prison, and various Hispanic Sureño and Norteño gangs in Southern and Northern California have teamed up with Sinaloa, La Familia Michoacana, The Knights Templar, and other Mexico-based drug trafficking organizations.